Effects of diclofenac on sentinel species and aquatic communities in semi-natural conditions

Due to the potential hazard of diclofenac on aquatic organisms and lack higher-tier ecotoxicological studies, a long-term freshwater mesocosm experiment was set up study effects this substance primary producers consumers at environmentally realistic nominal concentrations 0.1, 1 10 µg/L (average effective 0.041, 0.44 3.82 µg/L). During six-month exposure period, biovolume two macrophyte species (Nasturtium officinale Callitriche platycarpa) significantly decreased highest treatment level. Subsequently, decrease in dissolved oxygen levels observed. High mortality rates, immunity, high genotoxicity were found for encaged zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) all treatments. In level, one month after beginning exposure, adult fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) caused final population structure. Total abundance percentage juveniles whereas adults increased. This led an overall shift length frequency distribution F1 generation compared control. Consequently, indirect community structure zooplankton macroinvertebrates observed The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) value individual level < 0.1 levels. Our showed that more natural conditions, could cause severe those laboratory conditions. use our results regulatory matters is also discussed.